عن أبي ذر الغفاري رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: “اتق الله حيثما كنت. وأتبع السيئة الحسنة تمحها، وخالق الناس بخلق حسن” رواه الإمام أحمد والترمذي. هذا حديث عظيم جمع فيه رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بين حق الله وحقوق العباد. فحقّ الله على عباده: أن يتقوه حقّ تُقاته. فيتّقوا سخطه وعذابه باجتناب المنهيات وأداء الواجبات.
وهذه الوصية هي وصية الله للأولين والآخرين، ووصية كل رسول لقومه أن يقول: “اعبدوا الله واتقوه”. وقد ذكر الله خصال التقوى في قوله تعالى: {لَّيْسَ الْبِرَّ أَن تُوَلُّواْ وُجُوهَكُمْ قِبَلَ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ وَلَـكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنْ آمَنَ بِاللّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ وَالْمَلآئِكَةِ وَالْكِتَابِ وَالنَّبِيِّينَ وَآتَى الْمَالَ عَلَى حُبِّهِ ذَوِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِينَ وَابْنَ السَّبِيلِ وَالسَّآئِلِينَ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ وَأَقَامَ الصَّلاةَ وَآتَى الزَّكَاةَ وَالْمُوفُونَ بِعَهْدِهِمْ إِذَا عَاهَدُواْ وَالصَّابِرِينَ فِي الْبَأْسَاء والضَّرَّاء وَحِينَ الْبَأْسِ أُولَـئِكَ الَّذِينَ صَدَقُوا وَأُولَـئِكَ هُمُ الْمُتَّقُونَ} وفي قوله: {وَسَارِعُواْ إِلَى مَغْفِرَةٍ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ وَجَنَّةٍ عَرْضُهَا السَّمَاوَاتُ وَالأَرْضُ أُعِدَّتْ لِلْمُتَّقِينَ} ثم ذكر خصال التقوى فقال: {الَّذِينَ يُنفِقُونَ فِي السَّرَّاء وَالضَّرَّاء وَالْكَاظِمِينَ الْغَيْظَ وَالْعَافِينَ عَنِ النَّاسِ وَاللّهُ يُحِبُّ الْمُحْسِنِينَ}.
فوصف المتقين بالإيمان بأصوله وعقائده وأعماله الظاهرة والباطنة وبأداء العبادات البدنية والعبادات المالية، والصبر في البأساء والضراء وحين البأس، وبالعفو عن الناس، واحتمال أذاهم، والإحسان إليهم، وبمبادرتهم إذا فعلوا فاحشة أو ظلموا أنفسهم بالاستغفار والتوبة، فأمر صلى الله عليه وسلم ووصى بملازمة التقوى حيثما كان العبد في كل وقت وكل مكان، وكل حالة من أحواله، لأنه مضطر إلى التقوى غاية الاضطرار، لا يستغني عنها في كل حالة من أحواله. ثم لما كان العبد لا بد أن يحصل منه تقصير في حقوق التقوى وواجباتها أمر صلى الله عليه وسلم بما يدفع ذلك ويمحوه. وهو أن يتبع الحسنة السيئة “والحسنة” اسم جامع لكل ما يقرب إلى الله تعالى: وأعظم الحسنات الدافعة للسيئات التوبة النصوح والاستغفار والإنابة إلى الله بذكره وحبه، وخوفه ورجائه، والطمع فيه وفي فضله كل وقت. ومن ذلك الكفارات المالية والبدنية التي حددها الشارع. ومن الحسنات التي تدفع السيئات: العفو عن الناس، والإحسان إلى الخلق من الآدميين وغيرهم، وتفريج الكربات، والتيسير على المعسرين، وإزالة الضرر والمشقة عن جميع العالمين. قال تعالى: {إِنَّ الْحَسَنَاتِ يُذْهِبْنَ السَّـيِّئَاتِ}
وقال صلى الله عليه وسلم : “الصلوات الخمس، والجمعة إلى الجمعة، ورمضان إلى رمضان مكفرات لما بينهن ما اجتنبت الكبائر” وكم في النصوص من ترتيب المغفرة على كثير من الطاعات. ومما يكفر الله به الخطايا: المصائب؛ فإنه لا يصيب المؤمن من هَمٍّ ولا غم ولا أذى، حتى الشوكة يشاكها، إلا كفر الله عنه بها خطاياه. وهي إما فوات محبوب، أو حصول مكروه بدني أو قلبي، أو مالي، داخلي أو خارجي، لكن المصائب بغير فعل العبد. فلهذا أمره بما هو من فعله، وهو أن يتبع السيئة الحسنة. ثم لما ذكر حق الله – وهو الوصية بالتقوى الجامعة لعقائد الدين وأعماله الباطنة والظاهرة – قال “وخالق الناس بخلق حسن”. وأول الخلق الحسن: أن تكف عنهم أذاك من كل وجه، وتعفو عن مساوئهم وأذيتهم لك، ثم تعاملهم بالإحسان القولي والإحسان الفعلي وأخص ما يكون بالخلق الحسن: سعة الحلم على الناس، والصبر عليهم، وعدم الضجر منهم، وبشاشة الوجه، ولطف الكلام والقول الجميل المؤنس للجليس، المدخل عليه السرور، المزيل لوحشته ومشقة حشمته. وقد يحسن المزح أحياناً إذا كان فيه مصلحة، لكن لا ينبغي الإكثار منه وإنما المزح في الكلام كالملح في الطعام، إن عدم أو زاد على الحد فهو مذموم. ومن الخلق الحسن: أن تعامل كل أحد بما يليق به، ويناسب حاله من صغير وكبير، وعاقل وأحمق، وعالم وجاهل. فمن اتقى الله، وحقق تقواه، وخالق الناس على اختلاف طبقاتهم بالخلق الحسن فقد حاز الخير كله؛ لأنه قام بحق الله وحقوق العباد ولأنه كان من المحسنين في عبادة الله، المحسنين إلى عباد الله.
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